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The Visible Hand

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For an economic concept, see <a href="Visible_hand_(economics)" title="Visible hand (economics)">Visible hand (economics)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox ib-book vcard"><caption class="infobox-title">The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business </caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Alfred_D._Chandler_Jr." title="Alfred D. Chandler Jr.">Alfred D. Chandler Jr.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data">history</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Belknap_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Belknap Press">Belknap Press</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1977</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">608</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Pulitzer_Prize_for_History" title="Pulitzer Prize for History">Pulitzer Prize for History</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><bdi>9780674940529</bdi></td></tr></tbody></table>

The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business is a book by American business historian <a href="Alfred_D._Chandler_Jr." title="Alfred D. Chandler Jr.">Alfred D. Chandler Jr.</a>, published by the <a href="Belknap_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Belknap Press">Belknap Press</a> imprint of <a href="Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a> in 1977. Chandler argues that in the nineteenth century, Adam Smith's <a href="Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">invisible hand</a> was supplanted by the "visible hand" of <a href="Middle_management" title="Middle management">middle management</a>, which became "the most powerful institution in the <a href="American_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="American economy">American economy</a>".<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>

The Visible Hand was awarded the 1978 <a href="Pulitzer_Prize_for_History" title="Pulitzer Prize for History">Pulitzer Prize for History</a> and the <a href="Bancroft_Prize" title="Bancroft Prize">Bancroft Prize</a> of <a href="Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chandler's_eight_propositions">Chandler's eight propositions</h2></div>

Chandler uses eight propositions<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> to show how and why the visible hand of management replaced what Adam Smith referred to as the invisible hand of the market forces:

<ol><li>that the US modern multi-unit business replaced small traditional enterprises, when administrative coordination permitted better profits than market coordination;</li>

<li>that a managerial hierarchy has been created for this multi-unit business enterprise;</li>

<li>that the multi-unit business enterprise appeared for the first time in history at a time when the volume of economic activities reached a level that made administrative coordination more efficient than market coordination;</li>

<li>that once a managerial hierarchy was created and successfully carried out its functions of administrative coordination, the hierarchy itself became a source of power, permanence and continued growth;</li>

<li>that the careers of salaried managers became increasingly professional and technical;</li>

<li>that the multi-unit business enterprise grew in size and diversity, and as its managers became more professional, the management of the enterprise became separated from its ownership;</li>

<li>that managers preferred policies that favored long term stability and growth of their enterprises to those that maximized current profits;</li>

<li>that as large enterprises grew and dominated major sectors of the economy, they altered the basic structure of these sectors and of the economy as a whole.</li></ol>

<ul><li><a href="Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li>

<li><a href="Vanishing_Hand" title="Vanishing Hand">Vanishing Hand</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Managerial_Revolution_(Burnham)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Managerial Revolution (Burnham)">The Managerial Revolution</a> by <a href="James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">James Burnham</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Nature_of_the_Firm" title="The Nature of the Firm">The Nature of the Firm</a></li>

<li><a href="The_New_Industrial_State" title="The New Industrial State">The New Industrial State</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160325170217/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-163250973.html">"Harvard Business School Professor Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., Preeminent Business Historian, Dead at 88"</a>. AScribe. May 11, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-163250973.html">the original</a> on March 25, 2016. Retrieved December 9, 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311202100/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-5981455.html">"Noted Economic Historian Alfred Chandler Jr., 88"</a>. The Washington Post. May 14, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-5981455.html">the original</a> on March 11, 2016. Retrieved December 9, 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Chandler, Alfred. The Visible Hand. Belknap Press, 1977. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0674940529</bdi>. Introduction.

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Antonio, Robert J. "The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business." Telos 1979.42 (1979): 188–193.</li>

<li>Hensel, Nayantara. "The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business." Defense A R Journal 19.3 (2012): 345+. Academic OneFile. Web.</li>

<li>John, Richard R. "Elaborations, Revisions, Dissents: Alfred D. Chandler, Jr.'s, The Visible Hand After Twenty Years." Business History Review 71#2 (1997): 151–200. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebhc.org/publications/rjbhr.html">online</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://futureblind.com/2012/10/08/book-notes-the-visible-hand/">Summary of The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business by Max Olson</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Pulitzer_Prize_for_History96" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Pulitzer_Prize_for_History" title="Pulitzer Prize for History">Pulitzer Prize for History</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1917–1919</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="With_Americans_of_Past_and_Present_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="With Americans of Past and Present Days">With Americans of Past and Present Days</a> by <a href="Jean_Jules_Jusserand" title="Jean Jules Jusserand">Jean Jules Jusserand</a> (1917)</li>

<li><a href="A_History_of_the_Civil_War%2C_1861%E2%80%931865" title="A History of the Civil War, 1861–1865">A History of the Civil War, 1861–1865</a> by <a href="James_Ford_Rhodes" title="James Ford Rhodes">James Ford Rhodes</a> (1918)</li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920–1939</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="The_War_with_Mexico" title="The War with Mexico">The War with Mexico</a> by <a href="Justin_Harvey_Smith" title="Justin Harvey Smith">Justin H. Smith</a> (1920)</li>

<li><a href="The_Victory_at_Sea" title="The Victory at Sea">The Victory at Sea</a> by <a href="William_Sims" title="William Sims">William Sims</a> and <a href="Burton_J._Hendrick" title="Burton J. Hendrick">Burton J. Hendrick</a> (1921)</li>

<li><a href="The_Founding_of_New_England" title="The Founding of New England">The Founding of New England</a> by <a href="James_Truslow_Adams" title="James Truslow Adams">James Truslow Adams</a> (1922)</li>

<li>The Supreme Court in United States History by <a href="Charles_Warren_(U.S._author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Warren (U.S. author)">Charles Warren</a> (1923)</li>

<li><a href="The_American_Revolution%3A_A_Constitutional_Interpretation" title="The American Revolution: A Constitutional Interpretation">The American Revolution</a> by <a href="Charles_Howard_McIlwain" title="Charles Howard McIlwain">Charles Howard McIlwain</a> (1924)</li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_American_Frontier" title="History of the American Frontier">History of the American Frontier</a> by <a href="Frederic_L._Paxson" title="Frederic L. Paxson">Frederic L. Paxson</a> (1925)</li>

<li>A History of the United States by <a href="Edward_Channing" title="Edward Channing">Edward Channing</a> (1926)</li>

<li>Pinckney's Treaty by <a href="Samuel_Flagg_Bemis" title="Samuel Flagg Bemis">Samuel Flagg Bemis</a> (1927)</li>

<li><a href="Main_Currents_in_American_Thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Main Currents in American Thought">Main Currents in American Thought</a> by <a href="Vernon_Louis_Parrington" title="Vernon Louis Parrington">Vernon Louis Parrington</a> (1928)</li>

<li><a href="The_Organization_and_Administration_of_the_Union_Army%2C_1861%E2%80%931865" title="The Organization and Administration of the Union Army, 1861–1865">The Organization and Administration of the Union Army, 1861–1865</a> by <a href="Fred_Albert_Shannon" title="Fred Albert Shannon">Fred Albert Shannon</a> (1929)</li>

<li><a href="The_War_of_Independence" title="The War of Independence">The War of Independence</a> by <a href="Claude_H._Van_Tyne" title="Claude H. Van Tyne">Claude H. Van Tyne</a> (1930)</li>

<li>The Coming of the War, 1914 by <a href="Bernadotte_E._Schmitt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernadotte E. Schmitt">Bernadotte E. Schmitt</a> (1931)</li>

<li><a href="My_Experiences_in_the_World_War" title="My Experiences in the World War">My Experiences in the World War</a> by <a href="John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">John J. Pershing</a> (1932)</li>

<li>The Significance of Sections in American History by <a href="Frederick_Jackson_Turner" title="Frederick Jackson Turner">Frederick J. Turner</a> (1933)</li>

<li><a href="The_People's_Choice_(history_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="The People's Choice (history book)">The People's Choice</a> by <a href="Herbert_Agar" title="Herbert Agar">Herbert Agar</a> (1934)</li>

<li>The Colonial Period of American History by <a href="Charles_McLean_Andrews" title="Charles McLean Andrews">Charles McLean Andrews</a> (1935)</li>

<li><a href="A_Constitutional_History_of_the_United_States" title="A Constitutional History of the United States">A Constitutional History of the United States</a> by <a href="Andrew_C._McLaughlin" title="Andrew C. McLaughlin">Andrew C. McLaughlin</a> (1936)</li>

<li>The Flowering of New England, 1815–1865 by <a href="Van_Wyck_Brooks" title="Van Wyck Brooks">Van Wyck Brooks</a> (1937)</li>

<li><a href="The_Road_to_Reunion%2C_1865%E2%80%931900" title="The Road to Reunion, 1865–1900">The Road to Reunion, 1865–1900</a> by <a href="Paul_Herman_Buck" title="Paul Herman Buck">Paul Herman Buck</a> (1938)</li>

<li><a href="A_History_of_American_Magazines" title="A History of American Magazines">A History of American Magazines</a> by <a href="Frank_Luther_Mott" title="Frank Luther Mott">Frank Luther Mott</a> (1939)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abraham_Lincoln%3A_The_War_Years" title="Abraham Lincoln: The War Years">Abraham Lincoln: The War Years</a> by <a href="Carl_Sandburg" title="Carl Sandburg">Carl Sandburg</a> (1940)</li>

<li><a href="The_Atlantic_Migration%2C_1607%E2%80%931860" title="The Atlantic Migration, 1607–1860">The Atlantic Migration, 1607–1860</a> by <a href="Marcus_Lee_Hansen" title="Marcus Lee Hansen">Marcus Lee Hansen</a> (1941)</li>

<li><a href="Reveille_in_Washington%2C_1860%E2%80%931865" title="Reveille in Washington, 1860–1865">Reveille in Washington, 1860–1865</a> by <a href="Margaret_Leech" title="Margaret Leech">Margaret Leech</a> (1942)</li>

<li><a href="Paul_Revere_and_the_World_He_Lived_In" title="Paul Revere and the World He Lived In">Paul Revere and the World He Lived In</a> by <a href="Esther_Forbes" title="Esther Forbes">Esther Forbes</a> (1943)</li>

<li>The Growth of American Thought by <a href="Merle_Curti" title="Merle Curti">Merle Curti</a> (1944)</li>

<li>Unfinished Business by <a href="Stephen_Bonsal" title="Stephen Bonsal">Stephen Bonsal</a> (1945)</li>

<li><a href="The_Age_of_Jackson" title="The Age of Jackson">The Age of Jackson</a> by <a href="Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a> (1946)</li>

<li><a href="Scientists_Against_Time" title="Scientists Against Time">Scientists Against Time</a> by <a href="James_Phinney_Baxter_III" title="James Phinney Baxter III">James Phinney Baxter III</a> (1947)</li>

<li><a href="Across_the_Wide_Missouri_(book)" title="Across the Wide Missouri (book)">Across the Wide Missouri</a> by <a href="Bernard_DeVoto" title="Bernard DeVoto">Bernard DeVoto</a> (1948)</li>

<li><a href="The_Disruption_of_American_Democracy" title="The Disruption of American Democracy">The Disruption of American Democracy</a> by <a href="Roy_Franklin_Nichols" title="Roy Franklin Nichols">Roy Franklin Nichols</a> (1949)</li>

<li><a href="Art_and_Life_in_America" title="Art and Life in America">Art and Life in America</a> by <a href="Oliver_W._Larkin" title="Oliver W. Larkin">Oliver W. Larkin</a> (1950)</li>

<li>The Old Northwest by <a href="R._Carlyle_Buley" title="R. Carlyle Buley">R. Carlyle Buley</a> (1951)</li>

<li><a href="The_Uprooted" title="The Uprooted">The Uprooted</a> by <a href="Oscar_Handlin" title="Oscar Handlin">Oscar Handlin</a> (1952)</li>

<li>The Era of Good Feelings by <a href="George_Dangerfield" title="George Dangerfield">George Dangerfield</a> (1953)</li>

<li><a href="A_Stillness_at_Appomattox" title="A Stillness at Appomattox">A Stillness at Appomattox</a> by <a href="Bruce_Catton" title="Bruce Catton">Bruce Catton</a> (1954)</li>

<li><a href="Great_River%3A_The_Rio_Grande_in_North_American_History" title="Great River: The Rio Grande in North American History">Great River</a> by <a href="Paul_Horgan" title="Paul Horgan">Paul Horgan</a> (1955)</li>

<li><a href="The_Age_of_Reform" title="The Age of Reform">The Age of Reform</a> by <a href="Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter">Richard Hofstadter</a> (1956)</li>

<li><a href="Russia_Leaves_the_War" title="Russia Leaves the War">Russia Leaves the War</a> by <a href="George_F._Kennan" title="George F. Kennan">George F. Kennan</a> (1957)</li>

<li><a href="Banks_and_Politics_in_America" title="Banks and Politics in America">Banks and Politics in America</a> by <a href="Bray_Hammond" title="Bray Hammond">Bray Hammond</a> (1958)</li>

<li><a href="The_Republican_Era%2C_1869%E2%80%931901" title="The Republican Era, 1869–1901">The Republican Era, 1869–1901</a> by <a href="Leonard_D._White" title="Leonard D. White">Leonard D. White</a> and <a href="Jean_Schneider" title="Jean Schneider">Jean Schneider</a> (1959)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960–1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="In_the_Days_of_McKinley" title="In the Days of McKinley">In the Days of McKinley</a> by <a href="Margaret_Leech" title="Margaret Leech">Margaret Leech</a> (1960)</li>

<li><a href="Between_War_and_Peace%3A_The_Potsdam_Conference" title="Between War and Peace: The Potsdam Conference">Between War and Peace</a> by <a href="Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a> (1961)</li>

<li><a href="The_Triumphant_Empire" title="The Triumphant Empire">The Triumphant Empire</a> by <a href="Lawrence_H._Gipson" title="Lawrence H. Gipson">Lawrence H. Gipson</a> (1962)</li>

<li><a href="Washington%3A_Village_and_Capital%2C_1800%E2%80%931878" title="Washington: Village and Capital, 1800–1878">Washington: Village and Capital, 1800–1878</a> by <a href="Constance_McLaughlin_Green" title="Constance McLaughlin Green">Constance McLaughlin Green</a> (1963)</li>

<li><a href="Puritan_Village" title="Puritan Village">Puritan Village</a> by <a href="Sumner_Chilton_Powell" title="Sumner Chilton Powell">Sumner Chilton Powell</a> (1964)</li>

<li><a href="The_Greenback_Era" title="The Greenback Era">The Greenback Era</a> by <a href="Irwin_Unger" title="Irwin Unger">Irwin Unger</a> (1965)</li>

<li><a href="The_Life_of_the_Mind_in_America" title="The Life of the Mind in America">The Life of the Mind in America</a> by <a href="Perry_Miller" title="Perry Miller">Perry Miller</a> (1966)</li>

<li><a href="Exploration_and_Empire" title="Exploration and Empire">Exploration and Empire</a> by <a href="William_H._Goetzmann" title="William H. Goetzmann">William H. Goetzmann</a> (1967)</li>

<li><a href="The_Ideological_Origins_of_the_American_Revolution" title="The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution">The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution</a> by <a href="Bernard_Bailyn" title="Bernard Bailyn">Bernard Bailyn</a> (1968)</li>

<li><a href="Origins_of_the_Fifth_Amendment" title="Origins of the Fifth Amendment">Origins of the Fifth Amendment</a> by <a href="Leonard_W._Levy" title="Leonard W. Levy">Leonard Levy</a> (1969)</li>

<li><a href="Present_at_the_Creation" title="Present at the Creation">Present at the Creation</a> by <a href="Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a> (1970)</li>

<li><a href="Roosevelt%3A_The_Soldier_of_Freedom" title="Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom">Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom</a> by <a href="James_MacGregor_Burns" title="James MacGregor Burns">James MacGregor Burns</a> (1971)</li>

<li><a href="Neither_Black_nor_White" title="Neither Black nor White">Neither Black nor White</a> by <a href="Carl_N._Degler" title="Carl N. Degler">Carl N. Degler</a> (1972)</li>

<li><a href="People_of_Paradox" title="People of Paradox">People of Paradox</a> by <a href="Michael_Kammen" title="Michael Kammen">Michael Kammen</a> (1973)</li>

<li><a href="The_Americans%3A_The_Democratic_Experience" title="The Americans: The Democratic Experience">The Americans</a> by <a href="Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Daniel J. Boorstin</a> (1974)</li>

<li><a href="Jefferson_and_His_Time" title="Jefferson and His Time">Jefferson and His Time</a> by <a href="Dumas_Malone" title="Dumas Malone">Dumas Malone</a> (1975)</li>

<li><a href="Lamy_of_Santa_Fe" title="Lamy of Santa Fe">Lamy of Santa Fe</a> by <a href="Paul_Horgan" title="Paul Horgan">Paul Horgan</a> (1976)</li>

<li><a href="The_Impending_Crisis%2C_1848%E2%80%931861" title="The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861">The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861</a> by <a href="David_M._Potter" title="David M. Potter">David M. Potter</a> (completed and edited by <a href="Don_E._Fehrenbacher" title="Don E. Fehrenbacher">Don E. Fehrenbacher</a>; 1977)</li>

<li> by <a href="Alfred_D._Chandler_Jr." title="Alfred D. Chandler Jr.">Alfred D. Chandler Jr.</a> (1978)</li>

<li><a href="The_Dred_Scott_Case%3A_Its_Significance_in_American_Law_and_Politics" title="The Dred Scott Case: Its Significance in American Law and Politics">The Dred Scott Case</a> by <a href="Don_E._Fehrenbacher" title="Don E. Fehrenbacher">Don E. Fehrenbacher</a> (1979)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Been_in_the_Storm_So_Long" title="Been in the Storm So Long">Been in the Storm So Long</a> by <a href="Leon_Litwack" title="Leon Litwack">Leon Litwack</a> (1980)</li>

<li><a href="American_Education" title="American Education">American Education</a> by <a href="Lawrence_A._Cremin" title="Lawrence A. Cremin">Lawrence A. Cremin</a> (1981)</li>

<li><a href="Mary_Chesnut's_Civil_War" title="Mary Chesnut's Civil War">Mary Chesnut's Civil War</a> by <a href="C._Vann_Woodward" title="C. Vann Woodward">C. Vann Woodward</a> (1982)</li>

<li><a href="The_Transformation_of_Virginia%2C_1740%E2%80%931790" title="The Transformation of Virginia, 1740–1790">The Transformation of Virginia, 1740–1790</a> by <a href="Rhys_Isaac" title="Rhys Isaac">Rhys Isaac</a> (1983)</li>

<li><a href="Prophets_of_Regulation" title="Prophets of Regulation">Prophets of Regulation</a> by <a href="Thomas_K._McCraw" title="Thomas K. McCraw">Thomas K. McCraw</a> (1985)</li>

<li><a href="...The_Heavens_and_the_Earth" title="...The Heavens and the Earth">...The Heavens and the Earth</a> by <a href="Walter_A._McDougall" title="Walter A. McDougall">Walter A. McDougall</a> (1986)</li>

<li><a href="Voyagers_to_the_West" title="Voyagers to the West">Voyagers to the West</a> by <a href="Bernard_Bailyn" title="Bernard Bailyn">Bernard Bailyn</a> (1987)</li>

<li><a href="The_Launching_of_Modern_American_Science%2C_1846%E2%80%931876" title="The Launching of Modern American Science, 1846–1876">The Launching of Modern American Science, 1846–1876</a> by <a href="Robert_V._Bruce" title="Robert V. Bruce">Robert V. Bruce</a> (1988)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_Cry_of_Freedom_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle Cry of Freedom (book)">Battle Cry of Freedom</a> by <a href="James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">James M. McPherson</a> (1989)</li>

<li><a href="Parting_the_Waters" class="mw-redirect" title="Parting the Waters">Parting the Waters</a> by <a href="Taylor_Branch" title="Taylor Branch">Taylor Branch</a> (1989)</li>

<li><a href="In_Our_Image%3A_America's_Empire_in_the_Philippines" title="In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines">In Our Image</a> by <a href="Stanley_Karnow" title="Stanley Karnow">Stanley Karnow</a> (1990)</li>

<li><a href="A_Midwife's_Tale" class="mw-redirect" title="A Midwife's Tale">A Midwife's Tale</a> by <a href="Laurel_Thatcher_Ulrich" title="Laurel Thatcher Ulrich">Laurel Thatcher Ulrich</a> (1991)</li>

<li><a href="The_Fate_of_Liberty" title="The Fate of Liberty">The Fate of Liberty</a> by <a href="Mark_E._Neely_Jr." title="Mark E. Neely Jr.">Mark E. Neely Jr.</a> (1992)</li>

<li><a href="The_Radicalism_of_the_American_Revolution" title="The Radicalism of the American Revolution">The Radicalism of the American Revolution</a> by <a href="Gordon_S._Wood" title="Gordon S. Wood">Gordon S. Wood</a> (1993)</li>

<li><a href="No_Ordinary_Time" title="No Ordinary Time">No Ordinary Time</a> by <a href="Doris_Kearns_Goodwin" title="Doris Kearns Goodwin">Doris Kearns Goodwin</a> (1995)</li>

<li><a href="William_Cooper's_Town" title="William Cooper's Town">William Cooper's Town</a> by <a href="Alan_Taylor_(historian)" title="Alan Taylor (historian)">Alan Taylor</a> (1996)</li>

<li><a href="Original_Meanings" title="Original Meanings">Original Meanings</a> by <a href="Jack_N._Rakove" title="Jack N. Rakove">Jack N. Rakove</a> (1997)</li>

<li><a href="Summer_for_the_Gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer for the Gods">Summer for the Gods</a> by <a href="Edward_J._Larson" title="Edward J. Larson">Edward J. Larson</a> (1998)</li>

<li><a href="Gotham%3A_A_History_of_New_York_City_to_1898" title="Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898">Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898</a> by <a href="Edwin_G._Burrows" title="Edwin G. Burrows">Edwin G. Burrows</a> and <a href="Mike_Wallace_(historian)" title="Mike Wallace (historian)">Mike Wallace</a> (1999)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Freedom_from_Fear%3A_The_American_People_in_Depression_and_War%2C_1929%E2%80%931945" title="Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945">Freedom from Fear</a> by <a href="David_M._Kennedy_(historian)" title="David M. Kennedy (historian)">David M. Kennedy</a> (2000)</li>

<li><a href="Founding_Brothers" title="Founding Brothers">Founding Brothers</a> by <a href="Joseph_Ellis" title="Joseph Ellis">Joseph Ellis</a> (2001)</li>

<li><a href="The_Metaphysical_Club%3A_A_Story_of_Ideas_in_America" title="The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America">The Metaphysical Club</a> by <a href="Louis_Menand" title="Louis Menand">Louis Menand</a> (2002)</li>

<li><a href="An_Army_at_Dawn" title="An Army at Dawn">An Army at Dawn</a> by <a href="Rick_Atkinson" title="Rick Atkinson">Rick Atkinson</a> (2003)</li>

<li><a href="A_Nation_Under_Our_Feet" title="A Nation Under Our Feet">A Nation Under Our Feet</a> by <a href="Steven_Hahn" title="Steven Hahn">Steven Hahn</a> (2004)</li>

<li><a href="Washington's_Crossing_(book)" title="Washington's Crossing (book)">Washington's Crossing</a> by <a href="David_Hackett_Fischer" title="David Hackett Fischer">David Hackett Fischer</a> (2005)</li>

<li><a href="Polio%3A_An_American_Story" title="Polio: An American Story">Polio: An American Story</a> by <a href="David_Oshinsky" title="David Oshinsky">David Oshinsky</a> (2006)</li>

<li><a href="The_Race_Beat" title="The Race Beat">The Race Beat</a> by <a href="Gene_Roberts_(journalist)" title="Gene Roberts (journalist)">Gene Roberts</a> and <a href="Hank_Klibanoff" title="Hank Klibanoff">Hank Klibanoff</a> (2007)</li>

<li><a href="What_Hath_God_Wrought%3A_The_Transformation_of_America%2C_1815%E2%80%931848" title="What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848">What Hath God Wrought</a> by <a href="Daniel_Walker_Howe" title="Daniel Walker Howe">Daniel Walker Howe</a> (2008)</li>

<li><a href="The_Hemingses_of_Monticello" title="The Hemingses of Monticello">The Hemingses of Monticello</a> by <a href="Annette_Gordon-Reed" title="Annette Gordon-Reed">Annette Gordon-Reed</a> (2009)</li>

<li><a href="Lords_of_Finance" title="Lords of Finance">Lords of Finance</a> by <a href="Liaquat_Ahamed" title="Liaquat Ahamed">Liaquat Ahamed</a> (2010)</li>

<li><a href="The_Fiery_Trial" title="The Fiery Trial">The Fiery Trial</a> by <a href="Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a> (2011)</li>

<li><a href="Malcolm_X%3A_A_Life_of_Reinvention" title="Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention">Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention</a> by <a href="Manning_Marable" title="Manning Marable">Manning Marable</a> (2012)</li>

<li><a href="Embers_of_War" title="Embers of War">Embers of War</a> by <a href="Fredrik_Logevall" title="Fredrik Logevall">Fredrik Logevall</a> (2013)</li>

<li><a href="The_Internal_Enemy" title="The Internal Enemy">The Internal Enemy</a> by <a href="Alan_Taylor_(historian)" title="Alan Taylor (historian)">Alan Taylor</a> (2014)</li>

<li><a href="Encounters_at_the_Heart_of_the_World" title="Encounters at the Heart of the World">Encounters at the Heart of the World</a> by <a href="Elizabeth_A._Fenn" title="Elizabeth A. Fenn">Elizabeth A. Fenn</a> (2015)</li>

<li><a href="Custer's_Trials" title="Custer's Trials">Custer's Trials</a> by <a href="T._J._Stiles" title="T. J. Stiles">T. J. Stiles</a> (2016)</li>

<li><a href="Blood_in_the_Water%3A_The_Attica_Prison_Uprising_of_1971_and_Its_Legacy" title="Blood in the Water: The Attica Prison Uprising of 1971 and Its Legacy">Blood in the Water</a> by <a href="Heather_Ann_Thompson" title="Heather Ann Thompson">Heather Ann Thompson</a> (2017)</li>

<li>The Gulf by <a href="Jack_E._Davis" title="Jack E. Davis">Jack E. Davis</a> (2018)</li>

<li><a href="Frederick_Douglass%3A_Prophet_of_Freedom" title="Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom">Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom</a> by <a href="David_W._Blight" title="David W. Blight">David W. Blight</a> (2019)</li>

<li><a href="Sweet_Taste_of_Liberty%3A_A_True_Story_of_Slavery_and_Restitution_in_America" title="Sweet Taste of Liberty: A True Story of Slavery and Restitution in America">Sweet Taste of Liberty</a> by <a href="W._Caleb_McDaniel" title="W. Caleb McDaniel">W. Caleb McDaniel</a> (2020)</li>

<li><a href="Franchise%3A_The_Golden_Arches_in_Black_America" title="Franchise: The Golden Arches in Black America">Franchise</a> by <a href="Marcia_Chatelain" title="Marcia Chatelain">Marcia Chatelain</a> (2021)</li>

<li>Covered with Night by <a href="Nicole_Eustace" title="Nicole Eustace">Nicole Eustace</a> / <a href="Cuba%3A_An_American_History" title="Cuba: An American History">Cuba: An American History</a> by <a href="Ada_Ferrer" title="Ada Ferrer">Ada Ferrer</a> (2022)</li>

<li><a href="Freedom's_Dominion" title="Freedom's Dominion">Freedom's Dominion</a> by <a href="Jefferson_Cowie" title="Jefferson Cowie">Jefferson Cowie</a> (2023)</li>

<li>No Right to an Honest Living by <a href="Jacqueline_Jones" title="Jacqueline Jones">Jacqueline Jones</a> (2024)</li>

<li>Native Nations: A Millennium in North America by Kathleen DuVal / Combee: Harriet Tubman, the Combahee River Raid, and Black Freedom during the Civil War by <a href="Edda_L._Fields-Black" title="Edda L. Fields-Black">Edda L. Fields-Black</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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